# Exercise:Sparse Autoencoder

### From Ufldl

## Download Related Reading

- sparseae_reading.pdf
- sparseae_exercise.pdf

## Sparse autoencoder implementation

In this problem set, you will implement the sparse autoencoder algorithm, and show how it discovers that edges are a good representation for natural images. (Images provided by Bruno Olshausen.) The sparse autoencoder algorithm is described in the lecture notes found on the course website.

In the file sparseae_exercise.zip, we have provided some starter code in Matlab. You should write your code at the places indicated in the files ("`YOUR CODE HERE`"). You have to complete the following files: `sampleIMAGES.m, sparseAutoencoderCost.m, computeNumericalGradient.m`. The starter code in `train.m` shows how these functions are used.

Specifically, in this exercise you will implement a sparse autoencoder, trained with 8×8 image patches using the L-BFGS optimization algorithm.

A note on the software: The provided .zip file includes a subdirectory `minFunc` with 3rd party software implementing L-BFGS, that is licensed under a Creative Commons, Attribute, Non-Commercial license. If you need to use this software for commercial purposes, you can download and use a different function (fminlbfgs) that can serve the same purpose, but runs ~3x slower for this exercise (and thus is less recommended). You can read more about this in the Fminlbfgs_Details page.

### Step 1: Generate training set

The first step is to generate a training set. To get a single training example x, randomly pick one of the 10 images, then randomly sample an 8×8 image patch from the selected image, and convert the image patch (either in row-major order or column-major order; it doesn't matter) into a 64-dimensional vector to get a training example

Complete the code in `sampleIMAGES.m`. Your code should sample 10000 image patches and concatenate them into a 64×10000 matrix.

To make sure your implementation is working, run the code in "Step 1" of `train.m`. This should result in a plot of a random sample of 200 patches from the dataset.

Implementational tip: When we run our implemented `sampleImages()`, it takes under 5 seconds. If your implementation takes over 30 seconds, it may be because you are accidentally making a copy of an entire 512×512 image each time you're picking a random image. By copying a 512×512 image 10000 times, this can make your implementation much less efficient. While this doesn't slow down your code significantly for this exercise (because we have only 10000 examples), when we scale to much larger problems later this quarter with 106 or more examples, this will significantly slow down your code. Please implement `sampleIMAGES` so that you aren't making a copy of an entire 512×512 image each time you need to cut out an 8x8 image patch.

### Step 2: Sparse autoencoder objective

Implement code to compute the sparse autoencoder cost function Jsparse(W,b) (Section 3 of the lecture notes) and the corresponding derivatives of Jsparse with respect to the different parameters. Use the sigmoid function for the activation function, . In particular, complete the code in `sparseAutoencoderCost.m`.

The sparse autoencoder is parameterized by matrices , vectors , . However, for subsequent notational convenience, we will "unroll" all of these parameters into a very long parameter vector θ with s1s2 + s2s3 + s2 + s3 elements. The code for converting between the (W(1),W(2),b(1),b(2)) and the θ parameterization is already provided in the starter code.

Implementational tip: The objective Jsparse(W,b) contains 3 terms, corresponding to the squared error term, the weight decay term, and the sparsity penalty. You're welcome to implement this however you want, but for ease of debugging, you might implement the cost function and derivative computation (backpropagation) only for the squared error term first (this corresponds to setting λ = β = 0), and implement the gradient checking method in the next section to first verify that this code is correct. Then only after you have verified that the objective and derivative calculations corresponding to the squared error term are working, add in code to compute the weight decay and sparsity penalty terms and their corresponding derivatives.

### Step 3: Gradient checking

Following Section 2.3 of the lecture notes, implement code for gradient checking. Specifically, complete the code in `computeNumericalGradient.m`. Please use `EPSILON` = 10-4 as described in the lecture notes.

We've also provided code in `checkNumericalGradient.m` for you to test your code. This code defines a simple quadratic function given by , and evaluates it at the point x = (4,10)T. It allows you to verify that your numerically evaluated gradient is very close to the true (analytically computed) gradient.

After using `checkNumericalGradient.m` to make sure your implementation is correct, next use `computeNumericalGradient.m` to make sure that your `sparseAutoencoderCost.m` is computing derivatives correctly. For details, see Steps 3 in `train.m`. We strongly encourage you not to proceed to the next step until you've verified that your derivative computations are correct.

Implementational tip: If you are debugging your code, performing gradient checking on smaller models and smaller training sets (e.g., using only 10 training examples and 1-2 hidden units) may speed things up.

### Step 4: Train the sparse autoencoder

Now that you have code that computes Jsparse and its derivatives, we're ready to minimize Jsparse with respect to its parameters, and thereby train our sparse autoencoder.

We will use the L-BFGS algorithm. This is provided to you in a function called `minFunc` (code provided by Mark Schmidt) included in the starter code. (For the purpose of this assignment, you only need to call minFunc with the default parameters. You do not need to know how L-BFGS works.) We have already provided code in `train.m` (Step 4) to call `minFunc`. The `minFunc` code assumes that the parameters to be optimized are a long parameter vector; so we will use the "θ" parameterization rather than the "(W(1),W(2),b(1),b(2))" parameterization when passing our parameters to it.

Train a sparse autoencoder with 64 input units, 25 hidden units, and 64 output units. In our starter code, we have provided a function for initializing the parameters. We initialize the biases to zero, and the weights to random numbers drawn uniformly from the interval , where nin is the fan-in (the number of inputs feeding into a node) and nout is the fan-in (the number of units that a node feeds into).

The values we provided for the various parameters (λ,β,ρ, etc.) should work, but feel free to play with different settings of the parameters as well.

Implementational tip: Once you have your backpropagation implementation correctly computing the derivatives (as verified using gradient checking in Step 3), when you are now using it with L-BFGS to optimize Jsparse(W,b), make sure you're not doing gradient-checking on every step. Backpropagation can be used to compute the derivatives of Jsparse(W,b) fairly efficiently, and if you were additionally computing the gradient numerically on every step, this would slow down your program significantly.

### Step 5: Visualization

After training the autoencoder, use `display_network.m` to visualize the learned weights. (See `train.m`, Step 5.) Run "`print -djpeg weights.jpg`" to save the visualization to a file "`weights.jpg`" (which you will submit together with your code).

## Results

To successfully complete this assignment, you should demonstrate your sparse autoencoder algorithm learning a set of edge detectors. For example, this was the visualization we obtained:

Our implementation took around 5 minutes to run on a fast computer. In case you end up needing to try out multiple implementations or different parameter values, be sure to budget enough time for debugging and to run the experiments you'll need.

Also, by way of comparison, here are some visualizations from implementations that we do not consider successful (either a buggy implementation, or where the parameters were poorly tuned):

Neural Networks | Backpropagation Algorithm | Gradient checking and advanced optimization | Autoencoders and Sparsity | Visualizing a Trained Autoencoder | Sparse Autoencoder Notation Summary | Exercise:Sparse Autoencoder

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