► |  | The Racket Guide

1 | Welcome to Racket
2 | Racket Essentials
3 | Built-In Datatypes
4 | Expressions and Definitions
5 | Programmer-Defined Datatypes
6 | Modules
7 | Contracts
8 | Input and Output
9 | Regular Expressions
10 | Exceptions and Control
11 | Iterations and Comprehensions
12 | Pattern Matching
13 | Classes and Objects
14 | Units
15 | Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation
16 | Macros
17 | Creating Languages
18 | Concurrency and Synchronization
19 | Performance
20 | Parallelism
21 | Running and Creating Executables
22 | More Libraries
23 | Dialects of Racket and Scheme
24 | Command-Line Tools and Your Editor of Choice
| Bibliography
| Index

▼ | 15 | Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation

15.1 | eval
15.2 | Manipulating Namespaces
15.3 | Scripting Evaluation and Using load

► | 15.2 | Manipulating Namespaces

15.2.1 | Creating and Installing Namespaces
15.2.2 | Sharing Data and Code Across Namespaces

On this page:

15.2.1`` Creating and Installing Namespaces
15.2.2`` Sharing Data and Code Across Namespaces

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#### 15.2`` Manipulating Namespaces

A namespace encapsulates two pieces of information:

- A mapping from identifiers to bindings. For example, a namespace might map the identifier lambda to the lambda form. An “empty” namespace is one that maps every identifier to an uninitialized top-level variable.

- A mapping from module names to module declarations and instances. (The distinction between declaration and instance is discussed in Module Instantiations and Visits.)

The first mapping is used for evaluating expressions in a top-level context, as in (eval '(lambda (x) (+ x 1))). The second mapping is used, for example, by dynamic-require to locate a module. The call (eval '(require racket/base)) normally uses both pieces: the identifier mapping determines the binding of require; if it turns out to mean require, then the module mapping is used to locate the racket/base module.

From the perspective of the core Racket run-time system, all evaluation is reflective. Execution starts with an initial namespace that contains a few primitive modules, and that is further populated by loading files and modules as specified on the command line or as supplied in the REPL. Top-level require and define forms adjusts the identifier mapping, and module declarations (typically loaded on demand for a require form) adjust the module mapping.

##### 15.2.1`` Creating and Installing Namespaces

The function make-empty-namespace creates a new, empty namespace. Since the namespace is truly empty, it cannot at first be used to evaluate any top-level expression—not even (require racket). In particular,

> (parameterize ([current-namespace (make-empty-namespace)])
> (namespace-require 'racket))

fails, because the namespace does not include the primitive modules on which racket is built.

To make a namespace useful, some modules must be attached from an existing namespace. Attaching a module adjusts the mapping of module names to instances by transitively copying entries (the module and all its imports) from an existing namespace’s mapping. Normally, instead of just attaching the primitive modules—whose names and organization are subject to change—a higher-level module is attached, such as racket or racket/base.

The make-base-empty-namespace function provides a namespace that is empty, except that racket/base is attached. The resulting namespace is still “empty” in the sense that the identifiers-to-bindings part of the namespace has no mappings; only the module mapping has been populated. Nevertheless, with an initial module mapping, further modules can be loaded.

A namespace created with make-base-empty-namespace is suitable for many basic dynamic tasks. For example, suppose that a my-dsl library implements a domain-specific language in which you want to execute commands from a user-specified file. A namespace created with make-base-empty-namespace is enough to get started:

> (define (run-dsl file)
> (parameterize ([current-namespace (make-base-empty-namespace)])
> (namespace-require 'my-dsl)
> (load file)))

Note that the parameterize of current-namespace does not affect the meaning of identifiers like namespace-require within the parameterize body. Those identifiers obtain their meaning from the enclosing context (probably a module). Only expressions that are dynamic with respect to this code, such as the content of loaded files, are affected by the parameterize.

Another subtle point in the above example is the use of (namespace-require 'my-dsl) instead of (eval '(require my-dsl)). The latter would not work, because eval needs to obtain a meaning for require in the namespace, and the namespace’s identifier mapping is initially empty. The namespace-require function, in contrast, directly imports the given module into the current namespace. Starting with (namespace-require 'racket/base) would introduce a binding for require and make a subsequent (eval '(require my-dsl)) work. The above is better, not only because it is more compact, but also because it avoids introducing bindings that are not part of the domain-specific languages.

##### 15.2.2`` Sharing Data and Code Across Namespaces

Modules not attached to a new namespace will be loaded and instantiated afresh if they are demanded by evaluation. For example, racket/base does not include racket/class, and loading racket/class again will create a distinct class datatype:

> > (require racket/class)
> > (class? object%)
> #t
> > (class?
> (parameterize ([current-namespace (make-base-empty-namespace)])
> (namespace-require 'racket/class) ; loads again
> (eval 'object%)))
> #f

For cases when dynamically loaded code needs to share more code and data with its context, use the namespace-attach-module function. The first argument to namespace-attach-module is a source namespace from which to draw a module instance; in some cases, the current namespace is known to include the module that needs to be shared:

> > (require racket/class)
> > (class?
> (let ([ns (make-base-empty-namespace)])
> (namespace-attach-module (current-namespace)
> 'racket/class
> ns)
> (parameterize ([current-namespace ns])
> (namespace-require 'racket/class) ; uses attached
> (eval 'object%))))
> #t

Within a module, however, the combination of define-namespace-anchor and namespace-anchor->empty-namespace offers a more reliable method for obtaining a source namespace:

> #lang racket/base
> (require racket/class)
> (define-namespace-anchor a)
> (define (load-plug-in file)
> (let ([ns (make-base-empty-namespace)])
> (namespace-attach-module (namespace-anchor->empty-namespace a)
> 'racket/class
> ns)
> (parameterize ([current-namespace ns])
> (dynamic-require file 'plug-in%))))

The anchor bound by namespace-attach-module connects the run time of a module with the namespace in which a module is loaded (which might differ from the current namespace). In the above example, since the enclosing module requires racket/class, the namespace produced by namespace-anchor->empty-namespace certainly contains an instance of racket/class. Moreover, that instance is the same as the one imported into the module, so the class datatype is shared.

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