► |  | The Racket Reference

1 | Language Model
2 | Notation for Documentation
3 | Syntactic Forms
4 | Datatypes
5 | Structures
6 | Classes and Objects
7 | Units
8 | Contracts
9 | Pattern Matching
10 | Control Flow
11 | Concurrency and Parallelism
12 | Macros
13 | Input and Output
14 | Reflection and Security
15 | Operating System
16 | Memory Management
17 | Unsafe Operations
18 | Running Racket
| Bibliography
| Index

▼ | 4 | Datatypes

4.1 | Booleans and Equality
4.2 | Numbers
4.3 | Strings
4.4 | Byte Strings
4.5 | Characters
4.6 | Symbols
4.7 | Regular Expressions
4.8 | Keywords
4.9 | Pairs and Lists
4.10 | Mutable Pairs and Lists
4.11 | Vectors
4.12 | Boxes
4.13 | Hash Tables
4.14 | Sequences and Streams
4.15 | Dictionaries
4.16 | Sets
4.17 | Procedures
4.18 | Void
4.19 | Undefined

► | 4.13 | Hash Tables

4.13.1 | Additional Hash Table Functions

On this page:

hash?
hash-equal?
hash-eqv?
hash-eq?
hash-weak?
hash
hasheq
hasheqv
make-hash
make-hasheqv
make-hasheq
make-weak-hash
make-weak-hasheqv
make-weak-hasheq
make-immutable-hash
make-immutable-hasheqv
make-immutable-hasheq
hash-set!
hash-set*!
hash-set
hash-set*
hash-ref
hash-ref!
hash-has-key?
hash-update!
hash-update
hash-remove!
hash-remove
hash-clear!
hash-clear
hash-copy-clear
hash-map
hash-keys
hash-values
hash->list
hash-keys-subset?
hash-for-each
hash-count
hash-empty?
hash-iterate-first
hash-iterate-next
hash-iterate-key
hash-iterate-value
hash-iterate-pair
hash-iterate-key+ value
hash-copy
eq-hash-code
eqv-hash-code
equal-hash-code
equal-secondary-hash-code
4.13.1`` Additional Hash Table Functions
hash-union
hash-union!

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#### 4.13`` Hash Tables

> > > Hash Tables in The Racket Guide introduces hash tables.

A hash table (or simply hash) maps each of its keys to a single value. For a given hash table, keys are equivalent via equal?, eqv?, or eq?, and keys are retained either strongly or weakly (see Weak Boxes). A hash table is also either mutable or immutable. Immutable hash tables support effectively constant-time access and update, just like mutable hash tables; the constant on immutable operations is usually larger, but the functional nature of immutable hash tables can pay off in certain algorithms.

> > > Immutable hash tables actually provide O(log N) access and update. Since N is limited by the address space so that log N is limited to less than 30 or 62 (depending on the platform), log N can be treated reasonably as a constant.

For equal?-based hashing, the built-in hash functions on strings, pairs, lists, vectors, prefab or transparent structures, etc., take time proportional to the size of the value. The hash code for a compound data structure, such as a list or vector, depends on hashing each item of the container, but the depth of such recursive hashing is limited (to avoid potential problems with cyclic data). For a non-list pair, both car and cdr hashing is treated as a deeper hash, but the cdr of a list is treated as having the same hashing depth as the list.

A hash table can be used as a two-valued sequence (see Sequences). The keys and values of the hash table serve as elements of the sequence (i.e., each element is a key and its associated value). If a mapping is added to or removed from the hash table during iteration, then an iteration step may fail with exn:fail:contract, or the iteration may skip or duplicate keys and values. See also in-hash, in-hash-keys, in-hash-values, and in-hash-pairs.

Two hash tables cannot be equal? unless they use the same key-comparison procedure (equal?, eqv?, or eq?), both hold keys strongly or weakly, and have the same mutability.

Caveats concerning concurrent modification: A mutable hash table can be manipulated with hash-ref, hash-set!, and hash-remove! concurrently by multiple threads, and the operations are protected by a table-specific semaphore as needed. Three caveats apply, however:

- If a thread is terminated while applying hash-ref, hash-set!, hash-remove!, hash-ref!, or hash-update! to a hash table that uses equal? or eqv? key comparisons, all current and future operations on the hash table may block indefinitely.

- The hash-map, hash-for-each, and hash-clear! procedures do not use the table’s semaphore to guard the traversal as a whole. Changes by one thread to a hash table can affect the keys and values seen by another thread part-way through its traversal of the same hash table.

- The hash-update! and hash-ref! functions use a table’s semaphore independently for the hash-ref and hash-set! parts of their functionality, which means that the update as a whole is not “atomic.”

Caveat concerning mutable keys: If a key in an equal?-based hash table is mutated (e.g., a key string is modified with string-set!), then the hash table’s behavior for insertion and lookup operations becomes unpredictable.

A literal or printed hash table starts with #hash, #hasheqv, or #hasheq. See Reading Hash Tables for information on reading hash tables and Printing Hash Tables for information on printing hash tables.

> procedure (hash? v) → boolean?
> v : any/c

Returns #t if v is a hash table, #f otherwise.

> procedure (hash-equal? hash) → boolean?
> hash : hash?

Returns #t if hash compares keys with equal?, #f if it compares with eq? or eqv?.

> procedure (hash-eqv? hash) → boolean?
> hash : hash?

Returns #t if hash compares keys with eqv?, #f if it compares with equal? or eq?.

> procedure (hash-eq? hash) → boolean?
> hash : hash?

Returns #t if hash compares keys with eq?, #f if it compares with equal? or eqv?.

> procedure (hash-weak? hash) → boolean?
> hash : hash?

Returns #t if hash retains its keys weakly, #f if it retains keys strongly.

> procedure (hash key val ... ...) → (and/c hash? hash-equal? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> val : any/c
> procedure (hasheq key val ... ...) → (and/c hash? hash-eq? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> val : any/c
> procedure (hasheqv key val ... ...) → (and/c hash? hash-eqv? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> val : any/c

Creates an immutable hash table with each given key mapped to the following val; each key must have a val, so the total number of arguments to hash must be even.

The hash procedure creates a table where keys are compared with equal?, hasheq procedure creates a table where keys are compared with eq?, and hasheqv procedure creates a table where keys are compared with eqv?.

The key to val mappings are added to the table in the order that they appear in the argument list, so later mappings can hide earlier mappings if the keys are equal.

> procedure (make-hash [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-equal?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-hasheqv [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-eqv?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-hasheq [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-eq?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null

Creates a mutable hash table that holds keys strongly.

The make-hash procedure creates a table where keys are compared with equal?, make-hasheq procedure creates a table where keys are compared with eq?, and make-hasheqv procedure creates a table where keys are compared with eqv?.

The table is initialized with the content of assocs. In each element of assocs, the car is a key, and the cdr is the corresponding value. The mappings are added to the table in the order that they appear in assocs, so later mappings can hide earlier mappings.

See also make-custom-hash.

> procedure (make-weak-hash [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-equal? hash-weak?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-weak-hasheqv [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-eqv? hash-weak?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-weak-hasheq [assocs]) → (and/c hash? hash-eq? hash-weak?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null

Like make-hash, make-hasheq, and make-hasheqv, but creates a mutable hash table that holds keys weakly.

Beware that values in the table are retained normally. If a value in the table refers back to its key, then the table will retain the value and therefore the key; the mapping will never be removed from the table even if the key becomes otherwise inaccessible. To avoid that problem, instead of mapping the key to the value, map the key to an ephemeron that pairs the key and value. Beware further, however, that an ephemeron’s value might be cleared between retrieving an ephemeron and extracting its value, depending on whether the key is otherwise reachable. For eq?-based mappings, consider using the pattern (ephemeron-value ephemeron #f key) to extract the value of ephemeron while ensuring that key is retained until the value is extracted.

> procedure (make-immutable-hash [assocs])
> → (and/c hash? hash-equal? immutable?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-immutable-hasheqv [assocs])
> → (and/c hash? hash-eqv? immutable?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null
> procedure (make-immutable-hasheq [assocs])
> → (and/c hash? hash-eq? immutable?)
> assocs : (listof pair?) = null

Like hash, hasheq, and hasheqv, but accepts the key–value mapping in association-list form like make-hash, make-hasheq, and make-hasheqv.

> procedure (hash-set! hash key v) → void?
> hash : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> key : any/c
> v : any/c

Maps key to v in hash, overwriting any existing mapping for key.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-set*! hash key v ... ...) → void?
> hash : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> key : any/c
> v : any/c

Maps each key to each v in hash, overwriting any existing mapping for each key. Mappings are added from the left, so later mappings overwrite earlier mappings.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-set hash key v) → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> hash : (and/c hash? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> v : any/c

Functionally extends hash by mapping key to v, overwriting any existing mapping for key, and returning the extended hash table.

See also the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-set* hash key v ... ...) → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> hash : (and/c hash? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> v : any/c

Functionally extends hash by mapping each key to v, overwriting any existing mapping for each key, and returning the extended hash table. Mappings are added from the left, so later mappings overwrite earlier mappings.

See also the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-ref hash key [failure-result]) → any
> hash : hash?
> key : any/c
> | failure-result |  | : |  | (failure-result/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  |
> (lambda ()
> (raise (make-exn:fail:contract ....)))

Returns the value for key in hash. If no value is found for key, then failure-result determines the result:

- If failure-result is a procedure, it is called (through a tail call) with no arguments to produce the result.

- Otherwise, failure-result is returned as the result.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-ref! hash key to-set) → any
> hash : hash?
> key : any/c
> to-set : (failure-result/c any/c)

Returns the value for key in hash. If no value is found for key, then to-set determines the result as in hash-ref (i.e., it is either a thunk that computes a value or a plain value), and this result is stored in hash for the key. (Note that if to-set is a thunk, it is not invoked in tail position.)

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-has-key? hash key) → boolean?
> hash : hash?
> key : any/c

Returns #t if hash contains a value for the given key, #f otherwise.

> > procedure
> > (hash-update! |  | hash |  |  |  |
> > |  | key |  |  |  |
> > |  | updater |  |  |  |
> > | [ | failure-result]) |  | → |  | void?
> hash : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> key : any/c
> updater : (any/c . -> . any/c)
> | failure-result |  | : |  | (failure-result/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  |
> (lambda ()
> (raise (make-exn:fail:contract ....)))

Composes hash-ref and hash-set! to update an existing mapping in hash, where the optional failure-result argument is used as in hash-ref when no mapping exists for key already. See the caveat above about concurrent updates.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-update hash key updater [failure-result])
> → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> hash : (and/c hash? immutable?)
> key : any/c
> updater : (any/c . -> . any/c)
> | failure-result |  | : |  | (failure-result/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  |
> (lambda ()
> (raise (make-exn:fail:contract ....)))

Composes hash-ref and hash-set to functionally update an existing mapping in hash, where the optional failure-result argument is used as in hash-ref when no mapping exists for key already.

See also the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-remove! hash key) → void?
> hash : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> key : any/c

Removes any existing mapping for key in hash.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-remove hash key) → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> hash : (and/c hash? immutable?)
> key : any/c

Functionally removes any existing mapping for key in hash, returning the fresh hash table.

See also the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-clear! hash) → void?
> hash : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))

Removes all mappings from hash.

If hash is not an impersonator, then all mappings are removed in constant time. If hash is an impersonator, then each key is removed one-by-one using hash-remove!.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification and the caveat concerning mutable keys above.

> procedure (hash-clear hash) → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> hash : (and/c hash? immutable?)

Functionally removes all mappings from hash.

If hash is not a chaperone, then clearing is equivalent to creating a new hash table, and the operation is performed in constant time. If hash is a chaperone, then each key is removed one-by-one using hash-remove.

> procedure (hash-copy-clear hash) → hash?
> hash : hash?

Produces an empty hash table with the same key-comparison procedure and mutability of hash.

> procedure (hash-map hash proc [try-order?]) → (listof any/c)
> hash : hash?
> proc : (any/c any/c . -> . any/c)
> try-order? : any/c = #f

Applies the procedure proc to each element in hash in an unspecified order, accumulating the results into a list. The procedure proc is called each time with a key and its value, and the procedure’s individual results appear in order in the result list.

If a hash table is extended with new keys (either through proc or by another thread) while a hash-map or hash-for-each traversal is in process, arbitrary key–value pairs can be dropped or duplicated in the traversal. Key mappings can be deleted or remapped (by any thread) with no adverse affects; the change does not affect a traversal if the key has been seen already, otherwise the traversal skips a deleted key or uses the remapped key’s new value.

See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification above.

If try-order? is true, then the order of keys and values passed to proc is normalized under certain circumstances—including when every key is one of the following and with the following order (earlier bullets before later):

- booleans sorted #f before #t;

- characters sorted by char<?;

- real numbers sorted by <;

- symbols sorted with uninterned symbols before unreadable symbols before interned symbols, then sorted by symbol<?;

- keywords sorted by keyword<?;

- strings sorted by string<?;

- byte strings sorted by bytes<?;

- null;

- #<void>; and

- eof.

Changed in version 6.3 of package base: Added the try-order? argument.
Changed in version 7.1.0.7: Added guarantees for try-order?.

> procedure (hash-keys hash) → (listof any/c)
> hash : hash?

Returns a list of the keys of hash in an unspecified order.

See hash-map for information about modifying hash during hash-keys.
See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification above.

> procedure (hash-values hash) → (listof any/c)
> hash : hash?

Returns a list of the values of hash in an unspecified order.

See hash-map for information about modifying hash during hash-values.
See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification above.

> procedure (hash->list hash) → (listof (cons/c any/c any/c))
> hash : hash?

Returns a list of the key–value pairs of hash in an unspecified order.

See hash-map for information about modifying hash during hash->list.
See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification above.

> procedure (hash-keys-subset? hash1 hash2) → boolean?
> hash1 : hash?
> hash2 : hash?

Returns #t if the keys of hash1 are a subset of or the same as the keys of hash2. The hash tables must both use the same key-comparison function (equal?, eqv?, or eq?), otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Using hash-keys-subset? on immutable hash tables can be much faster than iterating through the keys of hash1 to make sure that each is in hash2.

Added in version 6.5.0.8 of package base.

> procedure (hash-for-each hash proc [try-order?]) → void?
> hash : hash?
> proc : (any/c any/c . -> . any)
> try-order? : any/c = #f

Applies proc to each element in hash (for the side-effects of proc) in an unspecified order. The procedure proc is called each time with a key and its value.

See hash-map for information about try-order? and about modifying hash within proc.
See also the caveats concerning concurrent modification above.

Changed in version 6.3 of package base: Added the try-order? argument.
Changed in version 7.1.0.7: Added guarantees for try-order?.

> procedure (hash-count hash) → exact-nonnegative-integer?
> hash : hash?

Returns the number of keys mapped by hash. Unless hash retains keys weakly, the result is computed in constant time and atomically. If hash retains it keys weakly, a traversal is required to count the keys.

> procedure (hash-empty? hash) → boolean?
> hash : hash?

Equivalent to (zero? (hash-count hash)).

> procedure (hash-iterate-first hash)
> → (or/c #f exact-nonnegative-integer?)
> hash : hash?

Returns #f if hash contains no elements, otherwise it returns an integer that is an index to the first element in the hash table; “first” refers to an unspecified ordering of the table elements, and the index values are not necessarily consecutive integers.

For a mutable hash, this index is guaranteed to refer to the first item only as long as no items are added to or removed from hash. More generally, an index is guaranteed to be a valid hash index for a given hash table only as long it comes from hash-iterate-first or hash-iterate-next, and only as long as the hash table is not modified. In the case of a hash table with weakly held keys, the hash table can be implicitly modified by the garbage collector (see Garbage Collection) when it discovers that the key is not reachable.

> procedure (hash-iterate-next hash pos)
> → (or/c #f exact-nonnegative-integer?)
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?

Returns either an integer that is an index to the element in hash after the element indexed by pos (which is not necessarily one more than pos) or #f if pos refers to the last element in hash.

If pos is not a valid hash index of hash, then the result may be #f or it may be the next later index that remains valid. The latter result is guaranteed if a hash table has been modified only by the removal of keys.

Changed in version 7.0.0.10 of package base: Handle an invalid index by returning #f instead of raising exn:fail:contract.

> procedure (hash-iterate-key hash pos) → any/c
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> procedure (hash-iterate-key hash pos bad-index-v) → any/c
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> bad-index-v : any/c

Returns the key for the element in hash at index pos.

If pos is not a valid hash index for hash, the result is bad-index-v if provided, otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Changed in version 7.0.0.10 of package base: Added the optional bad-index-v argument.

> procedure (hash-iterate-value hash pos) → any
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> procedure (hash-iterate-value hash pos bad-index-v) → any
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> bad-index-v : any/c

Returns the value for the element in hash at index pos.

If pos is not a valid hash index for hash, the result is bad-index-v if provided, otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Changed in version 7.0.0.10 of package base: Added the optional bad-index-v argument.

> procedure (hash-iterate-pair hash pos) → (cons any/c any/c)
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> procedure (hash-iterate-pair hash pos bad-index-v) → (cons any/c any/c)
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> bad-index-v : any/c

Returns a pair containing the key and value for the element in hash at index pos.

If pos is not a valid hash index for hash, the result is (cons bad-index-v bad-index-v) if bad-index-v is provided, otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Added in version 6.4.0.5 of package base.
Changed in version 7.0.0.10: Added the optional bad-index-v argument.

> > procedure
> > (hash-iterate-key+value hash pos) |  | → |  |
> > any/c |  | any/c
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> > procedure
> > (hash-iterate-key+value |  | hash |  |  |  |
> > |  | pos |  |  |  |
> > |  | bad-index-v) |  | → |  |
> > any/c |  | any/c
> hash : hash?
> pos : exact-nonnegative-integer?
> bad-index-v : any/c

Returns the key and value for the element in hash at index pos.

If pos is not a valid hash index for hash, the result is (values bad-index-v bad-index-v) if bad-index-v is provided, otherwise the exn:fail:contract exception is raised.

Added in version 6.4.0.5 of package base.
Changed in version 7.0.0.10: Added the optional bad-index-v argument.

> procedure (hash-copy hash) → (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> hash : hash?

Returns a mutable hash table with the same mappings, same key-comparison mode, and same key-holding strength as hash.

> procedure (eq-hash-code v) → fixnum?
> v : any/c

Returns a fixnum; for any two calls with eq? values, the returned number is the same.

> > > Equal fixnums are always eq?.

> procedure (eqv-hash-code v) → fixnum?
> v : any/c

Returns a fixnum; for any two calls with eqv? values, the returned number is the same.

> procedure (equal-hash-code v) → fixnum?
> v : any/c

Returns a fixnum; for any two calls with equal? values, the returned number is the same. A hash code is computed even when v contains a cycle through pairs, vectors, boxes, and/or inspectable structure fields. See also gen:equal+hash.

For any v that could be produced by read, if v2 is produced by read for the same input characters, the (equal-hash-code v) is the same as (equal-hash-code v2) — even if v and v2 do not exist at the same time (and therefore could not be compared by calling equal?).

Changed in version 6.4.0.12 of package base: Strengthened guarantee for readable values.

> procedure (equal-secondary-hash-code v) → fixnum?
> v : any/c

Like equal-hash-code, but computes a secondary value suitable for use in double hashing.

##### 4.13.1`` Additional Hash Table Functions

(require racket/hash) | package: base

The bindings documented in this section are provided by the racket/hash library, not racket/base or racket.

> > procedure
> > (hash-union |  | h0 |
> > |  | h ... |
> > | [ | #:combine combine |
> > |  | #:combine/key combine/key]) |
> → (and/c hash? immutable?)
> h0 : (and/c hash? immutable?)
> h : hash?
> | combine |  | : |  | (-> any/c any/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (lambda _ (error 'hash-union ....))
> | combine/key |  | : |  | (-> any/c any/c any/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (lambda (k a b) (combine a b))

Computes the union of h0 with each hash table h by functional update, adding each element of each h to h0 in turn. For each key k and value v, if a mapping from k to some value v0 already exists, it is replaced with a mapping from k to (combine/key k v0 v).

Examples:

> > (hash-union (make-immutable-hash '([1 . one]))
> (make-immutable-hash '([2 . two]))
> (make-immutable-hash '([3 . three])))
> '#hash((1 . one) (2 . two) (3 . three))
> > (hash-union (make-immutable-hash '([1 one uno] [2 two dos]))
> (make-immutable-hash '([1 eins un] [2 zwei deux]))
> #:combine/key (lambda (k v1 v2) (append v1 v2)))
> '#hash((1 . (one uno eins un)) (2 . (two dos zwei deux)))

> > procedure
> > (hash-union! |  | h0 |  |  |  |
> > |  | h ... |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:combine combine |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:combine/key combine/key]) |  | → |  | void?
> h0 : (and/c hash? (not/c immutable?))
> h : hash?
> | combine |  | : |  | (-> any/c any/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (lambda _ (error 'hash-union ....))
> | combine/key |  | : |  | (-> any/c any/c any/c any/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (lambda (k a b) (combine a b))

Computes the union of h0 with each hash table h by mutable update, adding each element of each h to h0 in turn. For each key k and value v, if a mapping from k to some value v0 already exists, it is replaced with a mapping from k to (combine/key k v0 v).

Examples:

> > (define h (make-hash))
> > h
> '#hash()
> > (hash-union! h (make-immutable-hash '([1 one uno] [2 two dos])))
> > h
> '#hash((1 . (one uno)) (2 . (two dos)))
> > (hash-union! h
> (make-immutable-hash '([1 eins un] [2 zwei deux]))
> #:combine/key (lambda (k v1 v2) (append v1 v2)))
> > h
> '#hash((1 . (one uno eins un)) (2 . (two dos zwei deux)))

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